Vegetables are our friends
And you’d better not forget it if you live in one of several American states that are implementing “veggie libel” or agricultural disparagement laws.
Under California’s proposed Assembly Bill 698 it will become illegal to say bad things about perishable agricultural products unless you hcan prove scientifically that your claims are true. Bills of this type introduce the same sort of rules for vegetables that currently exist for people as defamation laws.
There’s a huge amount of rubbish talked about food safety by various consumer and environmental groups and food producers claim that this can affect their incomes. The veggie libel laws got their start with the 1989 Alar scare, which suggested (once you trawled through the actual data) that people who consumed 20,000 litres or more of apple juice per day were liable to contract cancer. Apple growers claimed the affair cost them $100 million in lost sales but they lost a libel suit against CBS, who first aired the story.
Critics claim that the laws will be used to chill criticism of the food industry. In one case dairies were sued for advertising that their milk was growth hormone-free and thus implying that growth hormones are bad. The chilling effect occurs when the threat of a lawsuit prevents someone from expressing an opinion - even if they believe it to be true and have evidence to back it up - because they can’t afford to defend a lawsuit. These lawsuits (known in America as SLAPPs - “Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation”) have also caused publishers to back away from books because a book’s sales wouldn’t justify the legal costs, even if the case was won.
People behind food scares (and environmental scares more generally) can often be reckless with regard to the truth but it would be wrong to place a blanket ban on their utterings. The reputation of a vegetable should not have the same standing in law as the reputation of a person. This attempt can only be an act of professional courtesy on the part of California legislators.
The answer as usual is to have the debate in public, infuriating and tiring as that may be; to examine the evidence and then to point out in public, as P.J. O’Rourke did, that the Alar scare was not a problem with apples but with Meryl Streep’s head.
Hat tip: National Coalition Against Censorship.
June 22nd, 2007 at 1:53 am
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Π¨ΡΠ»Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π² ΠΊΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ½ΠΎ - Π΄ΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ΅Π» ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ?
Π¨ΡΠ»Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π² ΠΊΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ½ΠΎ - Π΄ΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ΅Π» ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ? ΠΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ, Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Π° Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π°, ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΠ½Π΅Π½Π° ΠΈ, Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅, ΡΠ·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½Π°. ΠΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°Π΅ΠΌ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΆΠ΄ΡΡ Π½Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ - Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌ, Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ». Π ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΡ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΌ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Ρ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΠΌ ΡΡΠ»Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π° Π² ΠΊΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Ρ Π·Π° ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ, Π° ΠΏΠΎ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ. ΠΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π² ΠΊΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ½ΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ: 1. “ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊ” - ΠΈΠ³ΡΠΎΠΊ. 2. “ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊ” - ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΊ ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ°. 3. “ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊ” - ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠΎ Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ½ΠΎ. ΠΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°, ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΄Π° Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π² ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ»Π΅ΡΠ° Π²ΡΡΡΡΠΏΠ°Π΅Ρ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ. ΠΠ° ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠΈΠ³ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅, Π½Π°Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ. ΠΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅, Π° ΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π·Π°Π±ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΈΠ³ΡΡ. ΠΡΠ°ΠΊ, ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊ - ΠΈΠ³ΡΠΎΠΊ. Π ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ Π·Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ»Π΅Ρ ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Π½Π΄Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ±Π°ΠΊΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ», ΡΡΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π»Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ½Π΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΠ½ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π» ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΈΠ³ΡΠΎΠΊ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ·Π½Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ? Π¨ΡΠ»Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡ Π½Π° Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½ΠΈ Π² Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅, Π½ΠΈ Π² ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π°Ρ ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ². ΠΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊ, ΡΡΠΎ, ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΡ, ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ΅ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ΅Ρ, ΠΈΠ³ΡΠΎΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π½ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΈΠ³ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ½ΠΎ, Π½ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ Π Ρ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ² Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΡΠ²Π°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅, ΠΌΠΎΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°? ΠΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ»Π΅ΡΠ° Π΄Π»Ρ Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Ρ. ΠΠ΄Π΅ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ°Π΅Ρ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½, Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π». ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ, Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡ Π² Π Π€ ΡΠΎ ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΈΠ³ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΠΌ Π»ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠ°Π»ΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΊΠΈ, Π° ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΈ. ΠΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊ - ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°Π» ΠΊΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ½ΠΎ. ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ³ΡΠΎΠΊΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ½ΠΎ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ Π·Π° ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ. Π Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ±Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠΌ Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π° ΠΊΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ½ΠΎ. ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ, Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅, Π²ΡΠ΅Π³Π΄Π° ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Ρ Π±Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΡΠ½Π°. ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Π½ΠΈΠΊΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Ρ, Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠ»Π΅Ρ ΠΊΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡ Π½Π°Π΄ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ»Π°, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π°ΡΠ°. Π ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π±ΡΡΡ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ³ΡΠΎΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π°Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡ? ΠΠ΄Π΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ»Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π° Π² Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΉ Π΄Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ - Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ², Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΊ ΠΊΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ½ΠΎ Π»ΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ “Π±Π΅Π· ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½”. ΠΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊ - ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎ ΠΊΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ½ΠΎ. ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΊΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ°Π½ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π·Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠΉ. Π€Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ Π²Π·ΡΡΡ, Ρ ΠΎΡΡ Π² ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠ²Π΅, Ρ ΠΎΡΡ Π² ΠΠ°Ρ-ΠΠ΅Π³Π°ΡΠ΅, Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ΅ Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ± ΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ°Π½ΡΡΡ. Π§Π΅ΠΌ? Π ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π°Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ³Ρ, ΡΡΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡ. Π°Π·Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ³Ρ ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π·Π°Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°Π½Π° ΠΈΠ³ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°. ΠΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π² Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈΠ΄ΡΡ ΡΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ»Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΡ. ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡ Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ΅Ρ, ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ·Π°. Π Π±ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ . ΠΡΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π», ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Π½Π΅Ρ 52 ΠΊΠ°ΡΡ? Π£ Π½Π°Ρ Π² ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΊΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ½ΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎ Π·Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΡ ΡΡΠ»Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π°, ΠΈΠ³ΡΠΎΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ. Π Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΄Π° Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ.